Una revisión a las particularidades del sistema respiratorio aviar
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Autores
Sanmiguel Plazas, Rosa Angélica
Peñuela-Sierra, Lina María
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Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Resumen
El sistema respiratorio de las aves es el más eficiente de los vertebrados por las características anatómicas adaptativas de sus pulmones, una barrera tisular marcadamente delgada, desarrollo de sacos aéreos y fluido unidireccional del aire que permite mantener un volumen casi constante. Además del intercambio gaseoso, el sistema respiratorio participa activamente en el equilibrio ácido-básico del organismo, en la termorregulación, excreción de toxinas y vocalización. El equilibrio ácido básico del organismo se fundamenta en la relación de ácido carbónico (H2CO3) y el ion bicarbonato (HCO3-), por lo cual el sistema respiratorio vive en constante relación complementaria con los riñones en su función regulatoria del pH sanguíneo. Cualquier alteración en dicha relación ocasiona una acidosis o alcalosis respiratoria o metabólica, según sea su origen, de ahí que las variaciones medioambientales y de manejo que desborden los estrechos parámetros de temperatura, ventilación, concentración de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono medioambiental demandan mayores esfuerzos en los mecanismos homeostáticos de las aves, especialmente a nivel hemodinámico, lo cual se refleja en alteraciones de la salud y, por consiguiente, en los parámetros productivos.
The respiratory system of birds is the most efficient among vertebrates, due to the adaptive anatomical characteristics of the lungs, a markedly thin tissue barrier, the development of air sacs and a unidirectional air flow that makes it possible to maintain a nearly constant volume. In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system actively participates in the organism’s acid-base balance, thermoregulation, excretion of toxins and vocalization. The acid-base balance is based on the ratio between carbonic acid (H2CO3) and ion bicarbonate (HCO3-), by means of which the respiratory system is constantly complemented by the kidneys in their blood pH regulatory function. Any change in this ratio causes respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, according to its source. That is why environmental and handling changes that exceed the strict parameters of temperature, environmental oxygen and CO2 concentration demand greater efforts from birds´ homeostatic mechanisms, particularly at the hemodynamic level, which affects their health and productive parameters.
The respiratory system of birds is the most efficient among vertebrates, due to the adaptive anatomical characteristics of the lungs, a markedly thin tissue barrier, the development of air sacs and a unidirectional air flow that makes it possible to maintain a nearly constant volume. In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system actively participates in the organism’s acid-base balance, thermoregulation, excretion of toxins and vocalization. The acid-base balance is based on the ratio between carbonic acid (H2CO3) and ion bicarbonate (HCO3-), by means of which the respiratory system is constantly complemented by the kidneys in their blood pH regulatory function. Any change in this ratio causes respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, according to its source. That is why environmental and handling changes that exceed the strict parameters of temperature, environmental oxygen and CO2 concentration demand greater efforts from birds´ homeostatic mechanisms, particularly at the hemodynamic level, which affects their health and productive parameters.