Publicación: Estudio comparativo del potencial de diferentes fuentes de grasa animal, a través de caracterización bibliográfica, para determinar la producción alternativa de biodiésel en Colombia
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The present research consisted of conducting a comparative study of the potential of different sources of animal fat, through bibliographic characterization of national and international research references, to determine the alternative production of biodiesel in Colombia, due to the need to diversify the portfolio of sources. of alternative biodiesel production (different from African palm) in an energy matrix of incremental dynamics; going from marketing a B12 blend (12% biodiesel and 88% fossil diesel) to a B20 blend by 2021 (20% biodiesel and 80% fossil diesel); consequently, the above will demand more and more, larger volumes of biofuel. The investigation focused on determining whether the animal fat obtained from the annual national production of meat products has sufficient capacity and the required physicochemical quality to be used alternatively to produce biodiesel in Colombia, taking into account the technical quality guidelines issued in the standard. Colombian technique NTC 5444 of 2018. More than seventy research references were used to define physicochemical quality parameters (density, acid number, refractive index, iodine and moisture index) and productivity parameters (melting performance, oil density, fat concentration per meat product, transesterification yield, reaction times and type of catalysis). The bibliographic characterization allowed to establish that on average, Colombia currently produces 3,230,618.1 per year, of which beef, chicken, pork and fish have a participation of 29.50%, 47.08%, 12.95 % and 10.47%, respectively; From the above, an average annual fat availability of 27.6191.95 tons was determined; beef, chicken, pork and fish showed an availability of fat per meat product of 5.84%, 9.68%, 11.28% and 7.71%, on average, respectively. The animal fat fusion yields for beef, chicken, pork and fish, on average, were 43.6%, 56%, 76.7% and 86.6%, respectively; animal oil densities were generally between 0.89 and 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. Taking into account the average annual national oil conversion of animal origin, and the average transesterification yields, were 73.62%, 64.21%, 86.01% and 80.2%, for beef oil, chicken, pork and fish, respectively, it was possible to project that currently 109,525.23 cubic meters of biodiesel per year could be produced on average, having a specific percentage participation of 15%, 44%, 25% and 16% of origin of beef, chicken, pork and fish, respectively. This production capacity could satisfy 24.79% of the demand for biodiesel for the commercialization of B12 blends, and 14.88% of the demand for biodiesel if a blend of B20 were commercialized in the country, approximately. Finally, the biodiesel from beef and chicken theoretically showed compliance with the quality standards established by the NTC 5444 standard of 2018, between 60% and 80%. It was possible to identify that beef fat cannot be considered as an alternative raw material since it has a high density, the oil tends to solidify at room temperature and biodiesel at 150C shows gelation problems, which make this raw material unsuitable for industrialization. The above figures show that the animal fat from the national meat production of chicken, pork and fish has the potential to complement the incremental demand for biodiesel in Colombia, which could be industrialized, taking advantage of legal and social factors as strategic factors of positive impact. and ecological.