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Data Analysis of Electricity Service in Colombia¿s Non-Interconnected Zones through Different Clustering Techniques
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Medellín y Envigado, 2022-10) Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia; Colmenares Quintero, Ramón Fernando; Maestre Gongora, Gina; Baquero Almazo, Marieth; Stansfield, Kim; Colmenares Quintero, Juan Carlos
La energía determina los aspectos sociales, económicos y ambientales que permiten el progreso de las comunidades. Por esta razón, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la calidad del servicio de energía en las Zonas No Interconectadas (ZNI) de Colombia. Para ello, se aplican técnicas de clustering (K-means, K-medoids, clustering de análisis divisivo y mapas de calor) para el análisis de datos en el contexto de las ZNI con el fin de identificar patrones o información oculta en los datos del gobierno colombiano relacionados con el estado del servicio de energía eléctrica en estas localidades durante los años 2019-2020. También se realiza un análisis estadístico descriptivo y validación de los resultados de las técnicas de clustering utilizando el software R. A través de la implementación de algoritmos de clustering como K-means, K-medoids, y clustering de análisis divisivo, se identifican áreas potenciales para el desarrollo de proyectos de energías renovables y alternativas, considerando lugares con deficiencias en su servicio eléctrico actual, mayor consumo, o lugares con muy bajas horas diarias de servicio eléctrico. Adicionalmente, se identificaron relaciones en el conjunto de datos que pueden ser consideradas como herramientas que apoyarían la toma de decisiones para la academia y la industria, así como la definición de lineamientos o estrategias desde el gobierno para mejorar la eficiencia y calidad energética de estos lugares, y en consecuencia, las condiciones de vida de los habitantes de las ZNI de Colombia.
Deep learning classification and regression models for temperature values on a simulated fibre specklegram sensor
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia sede Medellín, Facultad de Ingeniería, 2021-12-09) Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia; Velez Hoyos, Francisco Javier; Aristizabal Tique, Víctor Hugo; Herrera-Ramirez, Jorge; Arango, Juan David; Gómez, Jorge Alberto; Quijano, Jairo Camilo
Fiber optic specklegram sensors use the modal interference pattern (or specklegram) to determine the magnitude of a disturbance. The most used interrogation methods for these sensors have focused on point measurements of intensity or correlations between specklegrams, with limitations in sensitivity and useful measurement range. To investigate alternative methods of specklegram interrogation that improve the performance of the fiber specklegram sensors, we implemented and compared two deep learning models: a classification model and a regression model. To test and train the models, we use physical-optical models and simulations by the finite element method to create a database of specklegram images, covering the temperature range between 0 °C and 100 °C. With the prediction tests, we showed that both models can cover the entire proposed temperature range and achieve an accuracy of 99.5%, for the classification model, and a mean absolute error of 2.3 °C, in the regression model. We believe that these results show that the strategies implemented can improve the metrological capabilities of this type of sensor.
Extended Hildebrand solubility approach and Yalkowsky-Roseman model for estimating the solubility of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine in some {ethylene glycol (1) + water (2)} mixtures at several temperatures
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2022-02-04) Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Vargas-Santana, Martha Sofía; Cruz-González, Ana Marías; Cerquera, Nestor; Escobar Rodriguez, Alana Sofía; Cardenas, Rossember E.; Ortiz, Claudia Patricia; Calderón-Losada, Omar; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Delgado, Daniel
Aim: extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) and Yalkowsky Roseman (YR) were applied to evaluate the solubility of sulfadiazine, and sulfamethazine in ethylene glycol + water mixtures. Methodology: reported experimental equilibrium solubilities and some fusion properties of these drugs were used for the calculations. Results: a good predictive character of EHSA (with mean deviations lower than 3.0%) were found by using regular polynomials in order two correlating the interaction parameter W with the Hildebrand solubility parameter of solvent mixtures without drug; however, the results obtained from YR model show relatively high deviations greater than 50%.
Extraction of lyophilized olive mill wastewater using supercritical CO2 processes
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2022-01-01) Dali, Imen; Aydi, Abdelkarim; Stamenic, Marko; Kolsi, Lioua; Ghachem, Kaouther; Irena, Zizovic; Manef, Abderrabba; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
The olive growing in Tunisia has an economic dominance and agricultural importance. However, the huge extraction of olive oil generates a large quantity of olive mill wastewater (OMW), which is discharged to the surroundings. The highly polluting potential (organic load) of OMW threatens the environment and requires an urgent solution. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green extraction method that can be applied to purify OMW and, at the same time, to isolate a high quality oil from this wastewater. In order to explore and to valorize the compositions of Olive mill wastewater (OMW), extraction in different solvents (supercritical CO2, hexane) was carried out and chemical composition of the extracted oils were established by GC-FID. The Tunisia OMW were collected from two different zones namely Sousse and Sfax. In this work, we have investigated the effects pressure (P) and temperature (T) on the yield and the quality of oil. The suitable conditions for the extraction of oil from lyophilized OMW by Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) were found to be the pressure of 30 MPa and the temperature of 60 °C. In order to simulate the process, the model of broken and intact cells (Sovova’s model) was applied. The model well represented the experimental data. Oil yields ranged from 21.3 % to 33.87 % depending on the extraction solvent used. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the major compounds of the oils, based on the fatty acid analysis. Chromatographic analysis revealed that the chemical compositions vary from one region to another, extraction solvent as well as the conditions of pressure and temperature.
Learning and Teaching Styles in a Public School with a Focus on Renewable Energies
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Medellín y Envigado, 2022-11-22) Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia; Colmenares Quintero, Ramón Fernando; Barbosa Granado, Sergio; Rojas, Natalia; Stansfield, Kim; Colmenares Quintero, Juan Carlos; Ruiz Candamil, Manuela; Cano Perdomo, Pedro
The purpose of this study is to identify teaching styles (TS) and learning styles (LS) in teachers and students in public schools with a focus on renewable energies, with the aim of designing and applying curricular strategies based on active learning in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the same way, it seeks to determine the differences related between TS and LS. The research was developed with a quantitative methodology and a correlational descriptive approach. In addition, a non-experimental, cross-sectional design was used and an intentional non-probabilistic sampling of 125 students and 20 professors from the Maria Inmaculada School of the municipality of Puerto Carreño, Colombia. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between TS and LS. However, it was identified that students prefer a reflective teaching methodology (M = 15.5, SD = 0.75) followed by the active style (M = 14.2, SD = 1.10) and, to a lesser extent, the pragmatic style (M = 11.4, SD = 1.19). In the case of teachers, the most used teaching style is also reflective (M = 25.7, SD = 1.02), followed by individualized (M = 20.1, SD = 0.56) and, to a lesser extent, inquiry (M = 5.3, SD = 1.10). This research allows the generating of new knowledge that contributes to improving educational processes in the school population with a focus on renewable energies, enabling the promotion of strategies towards a sustainable society.
Numerical study using finite element method for the thermal response of fiber specklegram sensors with changes in the length of the sensing zone
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia sede Medellín, Facultad de Ingeniería, 2021-07-01) Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia; Velez Hoyos, Francisco Javier; Aristizabal Tique, Víctor Hugo; Arango, Juan David; Gomez, jorge Alberto; Quijano, Jairo Camilo; Herrera-Ramirez, Jorge
The response of fiber specklegram sensors (FSSs) is given as function of variations in the intensity distribution of the modal interference pattern or speckle pattern induced by external disturbances. In the present work, the behavior of a FSS sensing scheme under thermal perturbations is studied by means of computational simulations of the speckle patterns. These simulations are generated by applying the finite element method (FEM) to the modal interference in optical fibers as a function of the thermal disturbance and the length of the sensing zone. A correlation analysis is per-formed on the images generated in the simulations to evaluate the dependence between the changes in the speckle pattern grains and the intensity of the applied disturbance. The numerical simulation shows how the building characteristic of the length of sensing zone, combined with image processing, can be manipulated to control the metrological performance of the sensors
Predicting the solubility, thermodynamic properties and preferential solvation of sulphamethazine in {acetonitrile + water} mixtures using a minimum number of experimental data points
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2021-01-01) Khoubnasabjafari, Maryam; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Martínez, Fleming; Jouyban, Abolghasem; Acree, William E.; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
The all experimental solubility data of sulphamethazine in {acetonitrile (1) + water (2)} binary solvent mixtures at temperature range from (278.15 to 323.15) K have been carefully reanalysed. Then, a minimum number of experimental solubility data has been chosen to predict the solubility data at all possible solvent compositions and temperatures using interpolation technique. The predicted data was compared with the experimental data employing the average absolute percentage deviation (AAPD) as an accuracy criterion. The preferential solvation analyses based on the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals and also apparent thermodynamic properties were conducted employing the simulated data and the obtained results were compared with those obtained employing all data points. Gibbs energy and preferential solvation follow similar trends but enthalpy and entropy of dissolution exhibit significant differences.
Prescription for COVID-19 by non-medical professionals during the pandemic in Colombia: a cross-sectional study
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2022-05-01) Nino-Orrego, Maria Jose; Baracaldo-Santamaría, Daniela; Patricia Ortiz, Claudia; Zuluaga, Heyde Patricia; Cruz-Becerra, Sthefany Alejandra; Soler, Franklin; Pérez-Acosta, Andrés M.; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Calderon-Ospina, Carlos-Alberto; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the behavior of self-medication (SM). Given the massive release of misleading information during the pandemic, some pharmacies recommend drugs such as ivermectin, azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine among others, which are not useful for preventing or treating COVID-19 and could expose patients to unnecessary side effects and interactions with other medications. People should be aware of the approved and non-approved uses, and potential side effects of these drugs. Rationale: The aim of this study was to know the drugs, including natural products and homeopathic drugs, offered by Colombian pharmaceutical establishments for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, as well as the information provided on the safe use of the product. Methods: The study was done using the mystery shopping method, collecting data through telephone calls to each of the establishments by a trained individual pretending to be a patient with COVID-19 symptoms. The study included 482 pharmaceutical establishments from 16 Colombian departments. Results: Of 59 drugs suggested by pharmacies, the most recommended were azithromycin, ivermectin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin. The recommended dose was indicated in 85.5% (236) of the pharmaceutical establishments, and 14.5% (40) of them reported the most common adverse effects of the recommended product. About 9.4% (26) of the establishments reported possible interactions of the recommended drugs and substances with food, beverages, or supplements. Conclusion: The majority of the pharmaceutical establishments included in the study promoted inadequate self-medication for COVID-19 in Colombia during the pandemic.
Solubility of sulfamerazine in (ethylene glycol + water) mixtures: Measurement, correlation, dissolution thermodynamics and preferential solvation
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2021-09-01) Vargas-Santana, Martha Sofía; Cruz-González, Ana María; Ortiz, Claudia Patricia; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Martínez, Fleming; Peña, María Ángeles; Acree Jr., William E.; Jouyban, Abolghasem; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
The equilibrium solubility of sulfamerazine (SMR) in neat ethylene glycol (EG) and nineteen {(EG) (1) + water (2)} mixtures is reported at temperatures from (278.15 to 318.15) K. Mole fraction solubility of SMR (x3) increases with temperature arising and also increases with the EG proportion increasing. It varies from 1.71 × 10−5 in neat water to 7.78 × 10−4 in neat EG at 298.15 K. Solubility behavior was correlated by the extended log-linear model of Yalkowsky, the Jouyban-Acree model, and Jouyban-Acree-van’t Hoff model and the obtained mean percentage deviations are 80.1%, 6.7% and 6.6%, respectively. From the variation of solubility with temperature, the apparent thermodynamic analysis of dissolution and mixing processes was performed in all the mixtures and neat solvents. From inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals (IKBI) calculations is observed that SMR exhibits low negative preferential solvation parameters by EG in water-rich mixtures. Otherwise, SMR is preferentially solvated by EG in the interval (0.24 < x1 < 1.00).
Solubility of Sulfamethazine in the Binary Mixture of Acetonitrile + Methanol from 278.15 to 318.15 K: Measurement, Dissolution Thermodynamics, Preferential Solvation, and Correlation
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2021-12-01) Ortiz, Claudia; Cardenas-Torres, Rossember; Martinez, Fleming; Delgado, Daniel R.; Daniel, Delgado
Solubility of sulfamethazine (SMT) in acetonitrile (MeCN) + methanol (MeOH) cosolvents was determined at nine temperatures between 278.15 and 318.15 K. From the solubility data expressed in molar fraction, the thermodynamic functions of solution, transfer and mixing were calculated using the Gibbs and van 't Hoff equations; on the other hand, the solubility data were modeled according to the Wilson models and NRTL. The solubility of SMT is thermo-dependent and is influenced by the solubility parameter of the cosolvent mixtures. In this case, the maximum solubility was achieved in the cosolvent mixture w0.40 at 318.15 K and the minimum in pure MeOH at 278.15 K. According to the thermodynamic functions, the SMT solution process is endothermic in addition to being favored by the entropic factor, and as for the preferential solvation parameter, SMT tends to be preferentially solvated by MeOH in all cosolvent systems; however, δx3,1<0.01, so the results are not conclusive. Finally, according to mean relative deviations (MRD%), the two models could be very useful tools for calculating the solubility of SMT in cosolvent mixtures and temperatures different from those reported in this research.
Synthetic dataset of speckle images for fiber optic temperature sensor
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2023-04-07) UCC, Univercidad Cooperativa de Colombia; ITM, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano; Politecnico JIC, Politécnico Jaime IsazaCadavid; velez hoyos, francisco javier; aristizabal tique, victor hugo
The published data correspond to images of simulated speck- legrams, which result from the calculation of the modal in- terference that occurs in a multimode optical fiber. These have a characteristic pattern due to the constructive or de- structive interference between the light modes depending on their phase differences. The specklegram contains valuable information since the propagation of the modes varies ac- cording to the influence of some external disturbances, and therefore, the speckle pattern changes. This dataset contains specklegrams that vary according to the temperature. These data have been obtained by simulation using the finite ele- ment method (FEM) through the COMSOL multiphysics plat- form. In the simulation, the vector wave equation is solved, and the refractive index of the fiber is recalculated due to the temperature change. We simulated a 1490 nm wavelength
Thermodynamic analysis and preferential solvation of sulfanilamide in different cosolvent mixtures
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2021-02-26) Ortiz, Claudia; Cardenas, Rossember; Caviedes-Rubio, Diego Ivan; Polania-Orozco, Sebastian De Jesus; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
The thermodynamic analysis and preferential solvation of the solubility of sulphanilamide (SA) in five cosolvent mixtures (ethanol + water; 1,4-dioxane + water, acetonitrile + water, dimethyl-sulphoxide + water, and dimethylsulphoxide + water) are presented. The thermodynamic functions are calculated employing the Gibbs and van´t Hoff equations, and the analysis of preferential solvation is developed by inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method. The solubility process is endothermic, with entropic favouring in all cases. Finally, according to the solvation parameter, SA is solvated preferentially by water in more polar mixtures, and in DMF + W, and DMSO + W mixtures it is solvated by organic solvent. In the other mixtures (EtOH + W, DIOX + W, and MeCN + W) the SA is solvated by the organic solvent in intermediate mixtures and by water in the less polar mixtures.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Solubility of Isoniazid in (PEG 200+ Water) Cosolvent Mixtures from 278.15 K to 318.15 K
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2022-09-05) Baracaldo-Santamaría, Daniela; Ospina, Carlos; Ortiz, Claudia; Cardenas, Rossember; Martinez, Fleming; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo Delgado; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
The solubility of drugs in cosolvent systems of pharmaceutical interest is of great importance for understanding and optimizing a large number of processes. Here, we report the solubility of isoniazid in nine (PEG 200 + water) cosolvent mixtures at nine temperatures (278.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K) determined by UV–vis spectrophotometry. From the solubility data, the thermodynamic solution, mixing, and transfer functions were calculated in addition to performing the enthalpy–entropy compensation analysis. The solubility of isoniazid depends on the concentration of PEG 200 (positive cosolvent effect) and temperature (endothermic process) reaching its maximum solubility in pure PEG 200 at 318.15 K and the lowest solubility in pure water at 278.15 K. The solution process is favored by the solution entropy and according to the enthalpy–entropy compensation analysis it is driven by entropy in mixtures rich in water and by enthalpy in mixtures rich in PEG 200.
Thermodynamic analysis of the solubility of progesterone in 1-octanol+ ethanol cosolvent mixtures at different temperatures
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2022-09-06) Delgado, Daniel; Torres-Cardozo, Andrea; Cerquera, Nestor; Ortiz, Claudia; Osorio-Gallego, Jhonny; Cardenas-Torres, Rossember Edén; Angarita-Reina, Fredy; Martinez, Fleming; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
Thermodynamic studies of drug solubility in cosolvent mixtures at different temperatures generate information of great importance for pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental sciences. The objective of this research is to thermodynamically analyze the solubility of progesterone (PG) in cosolvent mixtures {1-octanol (1) + ethanol (2)} from 278.15 K to 318.15 K (nine study temperatures). The solubility of progesterone (in mole fraction) increased with the addition of 1-octanol to the cosolvent mixture, presenting its lowest value (3.474 ± 0.03 × 10-3) in pure ethanol (EtOH) at 278.15 K and its highest value (132.4 ± 3.0 × 10-3) in pure 1-octanol (OCT) at 318.15 K. The solution process of progesterone is endothermic and is driven by the enthalpy of solution. Regarding the thermodynamics of the mixture, the increase in the 1-octanol concentration favors the formation of the cavity and therefore the increase in the solubility of the progesterone. According to the entropic enthalpy compensation (EEC) analysis, it is corroborated that the solution process is driven by enthalpy. Finally, seven models (Apelblat, λh, Yaws, NRTL, Wilson and modified Wilson) were evaluated, which presented MRD% less than 1.0, which demonstrated a good correlation between the data obtained with each of the models and the data obtained experimentally.
Thermodynamic study and preferential solvation of sulfamerazine in acetonitrile + methanol cosolvent mixtures at different temperatures
(Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenierías, Ingeniería Civil, Neiva, 2022-03-01) Cárdenas-Torres, Rossember E.; Ortiz, Claudia P.; Acree Jr, William E.; Jouyban, Abolghasem; Martínez, Fleming; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo; Delgado, Daniel Ricardo
This paper discusses sulfamerazine (SMR) solubility in Acetonitrile (MeCN) + Methanol (MeOH) cosolvents at nine temperatures (278.15–318.15 K). Herein, the maximum SMR solubility was reached in a cosolvent mixture at the highest studied temperature, and the minimum SMR solubility was reached in neat methanol at the lowest studied temperature. Using experimental data, thermodynamic functions were calculated for both the solution and mixture using the Gibbs and van’t Hoff equations, thus determining that the solution process is endothermic with entropic favoring. In addition, the preferential solvation parameters (δx3,1), calculated using the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals (IKBI) method, are reported; SMR is preferentially solvated by MeOH in MeOH-rich mixtures, and in intermediate and MeCN-rich mixtures, the δx3,1 values indicate that SMR is not preferentially solvated by any of the two solvents in the mixture (MeCN + MeOH). Finally, eight models were assessed (Apelblat, van’t Hoff, Yaws, λh, Weibull, NRTL, Wilson, and Wilson modified), with all presenting mean relative deviation percentages (MRD%) under 6%, which indicates a good correlation with the experimental data.

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